How to format a thesis in Word before submission

1. Start with the university guideline

Before changing styles, collect the official formatting guide from your university, faculty, department, or thesis office. Look for required font, font size, margins, line spacing, page numbering, title pages, abstract pages, bibliography rules, and annex/appendix rules.

If the guide is unclear, write down the uncertain points. Do not guess silently. In a final thesis, uncertainty around page numbers, headings, table of contents depth, or figure captions can create submission delays.

2. Normalize the body style

Most university guides require a consistent body font such as Times New Roman 12 pt, justified alignment, and 1.5 line spacing. In Word, edit the Normal style rather than manually selecting every paragraph. Manual formatting works for one page, but it breaks when headings, captions, tables, and footnotes are mixed into a long document.

• Use one body font and size across normal paragraphs.
• Use consistent paragraph spacing before and after paragraphs.
• Do not use empty paragraphs for vertical spacing.
• Keep bold, italic, and underline only where they are meaningful.

3. Use real heading styles

The table of contents depends on headings. If a chapter title only looks bold and large, Word may not recognize it. Apply Heading 1 to major sections, Heading 2 to subsections, and Heading 3 only if the university guide allows that depth in the table of contents.

A common problem is duplicate numbering, such as a generated number added before a heading that already contains "1.1" in the text. Decide whether numbering is typed into the heading or generated by Word. Do not mix both.

4. Build the table of contents from headings

Do not manually type the table of contents. A manual table may look correct, but page numbers and links will not update reliably. Use Word's table of contents feature or a controlled static table with real internal links.

Before submission, right-click the table of contents and update the entire table. Then check that introduction, chapters, conclusion, bibliography, and annexes appear at the expected depth.

5. Use real captions for figures and tables

The list of figures and list of tables should come from real captions, not plain typed lines. Figure captions usually start with "Figure" and table captions usually start with "Table" or "Tableau" depending on the language and university guide.

If the list says no entries were found, Word cannot detect your captions. If the list exists but clicking does nothing, it may be handmade or missing internal links.

6. Fix page numbering by section

Many theses need front matter in lower roman numerals and the main body in Arabic numerals starting at the introduction. This requires section breaks, not just inserting page numbers.

• Cover page: usually no visible page number.
• Abstract, dedication, acknowledgments: often roman numerals.
• Introduction onward: Arabic page 1.
• Bibliography and annexes: follow the university rule; many guides continue Arabic numbering.

7. Check footnotes, references, and PDF export

Footnotes should remain real Word footnotes, not copied text at the bottom of the page. They usually use a smaller font than the body text and single spacing. Website URLs, DOI links, and legal references must not disappear during formatting.

After formatting, export the PDF and compare it with the DOCX. Check images, page numbers, captions, footnotes, table of contents, list of figures, and list of tables.